Operating Track
GPS Tracking System – How Its Components Work
Born of the best minds from a concept so simple is an exceptional
complex system, the GPS tracking system. It is made up of three
componentsL satellites that orbit the earth, control and monitoring
stations and the GPS receivers. It is a radionavigation system
providing reliable positioning, navigating, and timing services not
just for the military but also to civilian users as well in any part
of the world. The GPS tracking system has drastically changed the
world of navigation through land, sea and air, in all weather, 24/7.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. space-based
radionavigation system that provides reliable positioning, navigation,
and timing services to civilian users on a continuous worldwide basis
– freely available to all. For anyone with a GPS receiver, the system
will provide location and time. GPS provides accurate location and
time information for an unlimited number of people in all weather, day
and night, anywhere in the world.
In the 1960s the U.S. Navy and Air Force worked together on a number
of systems that would be able to provide a variety of navigation
applications. In 1973 the Department of Defense aimed to direct the
services in unifying their systems. The concept of the tracking
system would be atomic clocks onboard satellites was tested
successfully by an earlier Navy program called TIMATION. The Air
Force would operate the new system called the Navstar Global
Positioning System. From then on, it has since been known as simply
GPS or Global Positioning System.
The GPS tracking System Satellites
Today’s GPS Operational Constellation is funded and controlled by the
U.S. Department of Defense and being operated by the U.S. Military.
It is comprised of three major components: a “constellation” of
satellites in Earth orbit, ground stations that controlled the system
and receivers hand carried by the users. It was so designed so that
these receivers could be made small and inexpensive and would not
require atomic clocks.
The GPS tracking system is an aerospace technology comprising of at
least 24 operational satellites at all times. Each satellite is on a
circular orbit 20,000 kilometers above the Earth on a 12-hour period.
In order to make sure that these satellites are detected from anywhere
on the surface of the Earth, the satellites are divided into six
groups having four space vehicles each. The six orbital planes
completely surround the Earth, equally spaced 60 degrees apart and at
an angle of about 50 degrees with respect to the equatorial plane.
Each group is assigned a different path to follow. The orbit altitude
is such, that the GPS satellites recapitulate the same ground track
and configuration at approximately over any point each in 24 hours.
The GPS tracking system’s navigation message consists of time-tagged
data bits that mark the time of transmission of each subframe at the
time they are being transmitted by the space vehicle. A data bit
frame consists of 1500 bits divided into five 300-bit subframes and a
data frame is being transmitted at an interval of 30 seconds. There
are three six-second subframes containing orbital and clock data.
Precise clock corrections are sent in subframe one and orbital data
sets or ephemeris data parameters for the transmitting space vehicle
are sent in subframes two and three. Various pages of the system data
are being transmitted in subframes four and five. So the GPS tracking
system has an entire set of twenty-five frames or 125 subframes
creating the complete navigation message sent over a 12.5-minute
period.
The GPS Tracking System Equipment on the Ground
Ground stations are used so that each satellite orbit are accurately
tracked. The GPS tracking system has ground stations which is
comprised of a receiver and antenna, as well as communication tools to
transmit the data to the data center. When the GPS satellites supply
specially coded signals, the omni-directional antenna at each site
picks up the signals and that is processed in a receiver. The
receiver then separates the signals in various channels for a
particular satellite and frequency at a particular time. Once the
signals are isolated, the receiver now decodes them and splits them
into individual frequencies to calculate position, velocity, direction
and time anywhere on Earth.
At least four GPS satellite signals consisting of space segments are
used in computing positions in three-dimensional locations – latitude,
longitude and altitude – and the time offset in the receiver clock.
All GPS tracking system satellites have synchronized operations so
that the signals are transmitted at the speed of light to the
equipment on the ground. Each GPS satellite broadcasts data
indicating its location and current time.
Since the GPS tracking system sites are constructed throughout the
world and are being monitored by different institutions worldwide,
there are many different data center locations. The role of the data
center is to both monitor and control the GPS tracking system
stations. The data center uses an automated computer system in
retrieving and analyzing data from the receivers. Once processed, the
data, including the original raw data, are sent to scientists around
the glob for use in various applications.
From laboriously built landmarks by our ancestors to shooting the
stars to chronometers to satellites, our technology has evolved faster
than we could ever imagine. The GPS tracking system is the most
recent and significant advancement in navigation and positioning
technology. This new constellation of artificial stars serves this
important need for both the military and civilian users and is now
fast becoming important in everyday life.
About the Author
Abhishek is a passionate about Global Positioning Systems and he has got some great GPS Secrets up his sleeves! Download his FREE 109 Pages Ebook, “GPS Made Easy!” from his website http://www.Auto-Whiz.com/12/index.htm . Only limited Free Copies available.
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